ا االصسق: ا ى بد ا فزبؽ ١ خ ثب ظ ا زظ ١ ا ش بد : زغش ٠ غ إ ٠ غبد ا ٦ عبثخ ٥ عئ خ ا فبد ا أخزد ب ا ض ا ششػ ض ا ؾز : Susan MIKAN & ا ششػ : ا جش ٠ ئخ 2

Transcription

1 ا االصسق: ا ى بد ا فزبؽ ١ خ ثب ظ ا زظ ١ ا ش بد : زغش ٠ غ إ ٠ غبد ا ٦ عبثخ ٥ عئ خ ا فبد ا أخزد ب ا ض ا ششػ ض ا ؾز : Susan MIKAN & ا ششػ : ا جش ٠ ئخ 2 غ إػبفخ ششػ ؾبػشاد ثؼغ ا زؼذ ٠ الد وزبثخ ا ٤ عئ خ ا بلظخ رظ ١ ف ب غ رظؾ ١ ؼ ا ٦ عبثبد

2 Lecture 1 Conceptual roots of Interpreting - Interpreting is normally regarded as a translational activity, as a special form of Translation. - Interpreting is an ancient human practice which clearly predates the invention of writing- and (written) translation. عز س ف ا زشع خ ا شف ٠ خ ٠ شبس ا ١ ب ػبدح و شبؽ رشع خ شى خبص اشىبي ا زشع خ بسعخ ثشش ٠ خ لذ ٠ خ ا اػؼ ا ب رغجك اخزشاع ا ىزبثخ ا زشع خ ا ىز ثخ - The activity of interpreting could be traced back to Akkadian, the ancient Semitic Language of Assyria and Babylonia around 1900BC. - The Akkadian root targumanu, via an etymological sideline from Arabic, also gave rise to the autonomous English term for interpreter, dragoman. ا زشع خ ا شف ٠ خ شبؽ ٠ ى اسعبػ ا االوبد ١٠ ا غخ ا غب ١ خ ا مذ ٠ خ غخ االش س ٠ خ ثبث ؽ ا 1900 لج ا ١ الد رزغزس و خ رشع ب ١ االوبد ١ ٠ خ ػشث ١ خ االشزمبق اخز ػ ب ظط ؼ ا غ ١ ض غزم ا زشع, رشع ب Akkadian) = أؽذ ا غب ١١ ا ز ٠ عى ا ا ؼشاق لج ا ١ الد ( - The English Word interpreter, in contrast, is derived from Latin interpres (in the sense of expounder, person explaining what is obscure ), the semantic root of which are not clear. ا ى خ اال غ ١ ض ٠ خ ا زشع ف ا مبث شزمخ ا الر ١ ١ خ رؼ ا شخض ا ز ٠ ششػ ب غب غ ا غزس ا ذال ؼ ا غ ١ ش ا اػؼ - Nevertheless we can say that the Latin term interpres, denoting someone explaining the meaning, making sense of what others have difficulty understanding, is a highly appropriate semantic foundation for interpreter and interpreting in our current understanding غزط ١ غ ا م ي ا ا ظط ؼ ا الر ١ ا زشع ٠ ذي ػ شخض ٠ ششػ ا ؼ ٠ ج ١ ا ؼب ا ظؼجخ الخش ٠ اعبط دال ز بعت غب ٠ خ زشع ا زشع خ ف ف ب ا ؾب Defining Interpreting -What distinguishes interpreting from other types of translational activity is its immediacy. -In principle, interpreting is performed here and now for the benefit of people who want to engage in communication across barriers of language and culture. رؼش ٠ ف ا زشع خ ا شف ٠ خ : ا ز ١ ٠ ض ا زشع خ ا شف ٠ خ ػ غ ١ ش ب ا اع ا زشع خ إ ب شبؽ رشع خ ف س ٠ خ جذئ ١ ب ا زشع خ ا شف ٠ خ رؤد )اال ب( فؼخ الفشاد ا ز ٠ ٠ ش ٠ ذ ا ز اط ػجش ؽ اعض ا ضمبفخ ا غخ -In contrast to common usage of interpreting as an oral translation or the oral rendering of spoken message, االعزخذا ا ؼب زشع خ وزشع خ فظ ١ خ ا م فظ شعب خ ط لخ Otto Kade, a self-taught interpreter and translation scholar at the University of Leipzig and as early as the 1960s defined interpreting as a form of translation in which The source-language text is presented only once and thus cannot be reviewed or replayed, and The target-language text is produced under time pressure, with little chance for correction and revision. ا ر و ١ ذا ٠ ؼشف ا زشع خ ا شف ٠ خ و ع ا اع ا زشع خ ف ١ م ي : ا ض ا ظذس ٠ ؼشع شح اؽذ فمؾ ال ٠ ى اػبدر ا ض ا ذف ٠ ز اطذاس رؾذ ػغؾ ا لذ فشطخ ل ١ خ زظؾ ١ ؼ ا ا شاعؼخ - Based on the above, interpreting could be characterised as an immediate type of translational activity, performed in real time for immediate use. اػز بدا ػ بعجك ٠ ى طف ا زشع خ ا شف ٠ خ و ع ف س شبؽ ا زشع ٠ ؤد ف لذ ؾظ س العزخذا ا ف س So it could be defined a form of translation in which a first and final rendition in another language is produced on the basis of a one-time presentation of an utterance in a source language. ثب زب ٠ ى رؼش ٠ ف وب زب : ع ا زشع خ ا ز ٠ ز رغ ١ ب ف اال ي االخ ١ ش ا ا غخ االخش ا ز ٠ ز اطذاس ب ػ اعبط ا ؼشع شح اؽذح فمؾال فبظ غخ ا ظذس 1

3 Interpreting is normally regarded as a translational activity Interpreting is an ancient human practice which crearly a. Predates the creation of human interpreting mind b. Predates verbal interaction between two people c. Dates back to writing and written tranaltion d. Predates the invention of writing and written translation 1-Akkadian was the ancient Semitic language of Assyria which was used by interpreters 2- interpreters used Akkadian the ancient Semitic language of Assyria a. Around 1900DC b. Around 1900BC c. Around 1900DC d. Around 1900AC The English word interpreter comes from Latin word a. targumanu b. entrepreneur c. interprets d. espress The word interpreter means in English a. Explorer b. Expounder c. composor d. Exposer Nevertheless we can say that the Latin term interpres, denoting someone explaining the meaning, **of the main distinctive characteristic of interpreting is a. its conformity b. its readiness c. its immediacy d. its distance The oral rendering of spoken message is definition of a. Interpreting b.translating c.explaining d.informing Interpreting could be define as a. The oral translation of written message b. The oral rendering of a spoken message c. The oral translation of written dialogue d. The oral translation of tests of general nature 1-in interpreting the Source Language text is normally presented 2- Unlike translation, in interpreting the SL text is presented a. once and thus the TL text can be reviewed b. twice and thus the TL text can be reviewed c. once and thus the TL text cannot be reviewed d. thrice and thus the TL can be reviewed اسئلت االختببراث السببقت للمحبضزة األولى Interpreting is normally regarded as a translational activity, as a special form of Translation the Akkadin language is the ancient Semitc Language of a. Syria and Iraq around 1900 BC b. Plastine and Assyria around BC c. Assyria and Babylonia around 1900 BC d. Assria and Babylonia around 190 BC The English word interpreter is derived from a. The Latin term interprets b. The Akkadian term targumanu c. The French term entrepreneur d. The English term express The word interpreter means in English a. Exfounder b. Exposer c. Extender d. Expounder The Engllish word interpreter is derived from a. Latin interpres, in sence of expounder b. Latin interpres, in sence of explorer c. Greek interpres, in sence of expounder d. French interpres, in sence of expounder 1-Interpreting is different from other types of translation activities because of 2- What makes Interpreting so different from other types of translation is 3- Unlike any other types of translation, interpreting is mainly characterized by a. Its immediacy in the transferring the message b. Its concern about the transfer of meanings and ideas c. Its recognition of the massage to be transferred d. Its concern about communication across barriers of language and culture interpreting is performed here and now for the benefit of people who want to engage in communication across barriers Interpreting is generally defined as a. The oral translation of a written massage b. The oral translation of a spoken message c. The oral translation of a written message d. The oral translation of texts of general nature Interpreting is a. The oral rendering of a spoken message a. The oral explaining of spoken message c. The oral informing of written message d. The oral translating of technical problem 2

4 Lecture 2 Interpreting as Translation - Different scholars tend to define and characterise their object to study in accordance with particular aims, experiences and interests. As for translation, the following definitions of translation have been identified. Translation is : ا ؼ بء خز ف ١ ١ ٠ إ رؼش ٠ ف طف ػ ع دساعز ؽغت ا ذاف رغبسة ا ز ب بد ؼ ١ خ. ثب غجخ زشع خ فزؾذد ب ا زؼبس ٠ ف ا زب ١ خ ثب ب A. a process by which a spoken or written utterance takes place in one language which is intended or presumed to convey the same meaning as a previously existing utterance in another language (Rabin, 1958) This definition foregrounds the defining relationship between the source and target utterances and stipulates sameness of meaning as an essential ingredient. It also introduces, albeit implicitly, human agents and attitudes in terms of intention and expressions ػ ١ خ ا فبظ ط لخ ا ىز ثخ رأخز ىب ب ف اؽذ ا غبد ٠ فزشع ا ب ر م فظ ا ؼ وأ فبظ ع دح غجمب ا غخ اخش زا ا زؼش ٠ ف مذ خ ؼاللخ ؾذدح ث ١ ا فبظ ا غخ ا ظذس ا غخ ا ذف ٠ ض ػ ارؾبد ا ؼ وؼ ظش اعبع ٠ مذ ا ؼب ا لف اال غب ؽ ١ ش ا مظذ ا زؼج ١ ش B. the transfer of thought and ideas from one language (source) to another (target), whether the language are in written or oral form.. or whether one or both languages are based on sign (Brislin 1976a) This definition describes translation as a process of transfer acting on ideas in the medium of language. م االفىبس ا فب ١ غخ ا اخش ع اء وب ذ ا غخ ثشى ط ق ا ىز ة ا ع اء وب ذ اؽذ ا غبد ا وال ب رؼز ذ ػ االشبسح زا ا زؼش ٠ ف ٠ ظف ا زشع خ ػ ا ب م الفىبس خالي ع ١ ؾ ا غخ C. a situation-related and function-oriented complex series of acts for the production of a target text, intended for addressees in another culture/language, on the basis of a given source text (Salevsky, 1983) This definition introduces a number of descriptive features such as situation, function, text and culture, and stresses the target orientation of the translational product. ع غ خ ؼمذح ؽب خ رشاثط ١ خ ظ ١ ف ١ خ ؼ ١ خ ا زبط ا غخ ا ذف ؼذ غزمج ١ ف ا ضمبفخ ا غخ االخش ػ اعبط ض ا غخ ا ظذس ا ؼط زا ا زؼش ٠ ف ٠ مذ ػذد ا ١ ضاد ا طف ١ خ ض ا ؾب خ ا ظ ١ فخ ا ض ا ضمبفخ ٠ شذد ػ ذف اال زبط ا زشع D. any utterance which is presented or regarded as a translation within a culture, on no matter what grounds (Toury 1995) The target orientation is carried to the extreme in this definition, in which the theorist relinquishes any prescriptive authority and accepts as Translation whatever is treated as such in a given community. أ فع ٠ مذ ا ٠ ؼزجش وزشع خ ػ صمبفخ ثغغ ا ظش ػ االعجبة ارغب ا ذف ؾ ي ا الظب ف زا ا زؼش ٠ ف ؽ ١ ش ٠ ز بصي ظش ٠ ب ػ أ ا ضا ٠ مج ثزشع خ ثأ شى االشىبي ف غز غ ؼ ١ A Few Comments - All four definitions accommodate interpreting, but each foregrounds different conceptual dimension. And whatever is stipulated as an essential feature of Translation (i.e. notions like transfer, ideas, sameness, intention or culture ) will carry over to our definition of interpreting. ع ١ غ ا زؼبس ٠ ف االسثؼخ رغز ػت ا زشع خ ى ى ب اع خ رخز ف ف ا جؼذ ا فب ١ ا ٠ ب ب وب ا ظ ص ػ ١ و ١ ضح ع ش ٠ خ زشع خ ا فب ١ ض ا م االفىبس ا زشادف ا مظذ ا ا ضمبفخ ع ف ٠ ؾ ب أوضش زؼش ٠ ف ا زشع خ - Translation is an activity consisting (mainly) in the production of utterances (texts) which are presumed to have a similar meaning and /or effect as previously existing utterances in another language and culture. ا زشع خ شبؽ ٠ زى ف ا مب اال ي ف اطذاس اال فبظ )ا ظ ص( ا ز ٠ فزشع ا ٠ ى ب فظ ا ؼ ا فظ ا زبص ١ ش ا ز فع ا ع د غجمب ف ا غخ ا ضمبفخ االخش - These terms can be adapted and refined in different ways. The notion of activity, for instance, could be specified as a service, possibly qualified as professional, for the purpose of enabling communication and for the benefit of clients or users. ر ه ا ظط ؾبد لذ رزى ١ ف رزىشس ثطشق خز فخ, ف ا شبؽ ػ عج ١ ا ضبي لذ ٠ ؾذد وخذ خ سث ب ر طف ثب ب ١ خ غشع ر ى ١ ا ز اط فغ ا غزخذ ١ ا ا ؼ الء 3

5 - Similarly, we could specify production (and communication) as taking place in a given situation and culture and we could elaborate and differentiate such key concepts as culture, a language,, utterance and meaning. ثب ض ى ا ؾذد اال زبط ا ز اط وشئ ٠ أخز ىب ف ا ؾب خ ا ضمبفخ ا ؼطبح ٠ ى ا فظ فشق ر ه ا فب ١ ا شئ ١ غ ١ خ وضمبفخ غخ ا فبظ ؼب Interpreting theoretical framework - So interpreting could have the following key areas of theoretical framework: - The scope of the interpreter s task (mainly production); - The perspective on the translational process (target-oriented production rather than sourcedependent transfer; and the normative specification of the translation product (the assumption of similarity in meaning or effect). ا زشع خ لذ رأخز ا غبالد ا شئ ١ غ ١ خ ا زب ١ خ ظش ٠ ب : طبق خ ا زشع خ ف ا مب اال ي اال زبط ع خ ا ظش ثب غجخ ؼ ١ خ ا زشع خ ارغب ا ذف اال زبع اوضش م ٠ ؼز ذ ػ ا ظذس ا اطفبد ا ؼ ١ بس ٠ خ ال زبط ا زشع خ ػ افزشاع ا زشبث ف ا ؼ ا ا زبص ١ ش the defining relationship between the source and target utterances and stipulates sameness of meaning This definition describes translation as a process of transfer acting on ideas in the medium of language notions like are consider as and essential feature of interpreting a. Transfer, ideas, sameness, intention or culture b. Transfom, freedom, audience, intention or language c. Conveyance, thought, likelihood, tintention or culture d. Correspondence, grammer, vocabulary, interntion or context اسئلت االختببراث السببقت للمحبضزة الثبو ت trsnslation is described as a. The transfer of vocabulary and grammer from on language to another b. The transfer of meaningless sentences from one language to another c. The transfer of thought and ideas from one language to another d. The transfer of culture and language from one language to another Notions like transfer, ideas, sameness, intention or culture will carry over to our definition of interpreting. Notions of translation like transfer, ideas, sameness, intention or culture are..to the definition of interpreting. a. Adaptable b. Adoptable c. Portable d. Compatible The scope of the interpreter s task is mainly a. Processing b. Retrieving c. Storing d.production the scope of the interpreter s task is a. Maily production b. Generally, communication c. Potentially theoretical d. Internationally the audience the interpreter s main task of interpreting involves a. processing information b. retrieving information d. storing information d. producing information The notion of activity in translation could be specified as a. Practice in interpreting b.service in interpreting c. Commercial in interpreting d. Production in interpreting The scope of the interpreter's task is a.is mainly conduct. b.is mainly process and product. c. is mainly process. d.is mainly production. While interpreting, the interpreter s main task is a. to process information b.to produce information c.to retrieve information d. to store information the normative specification of the translation product is a. The assumption of differences in meaning or effect b. The assumption of communication in meaning or effect c. The assumption of interpretation in meaning or effect d. The assumption of similarity in meaning or effect 4

6 Lecture 3 Interpreting inter-social and intra-social Settings - From a historical perspective, interpreting is carried out in a social context of interaction or setting where communities of different languages and cultures have entered in contact for some particular purpose. ع خ ظش ربس ٠ خ ١ خ ا زشع خ رغش ف ا غ ١ بق االعز بػ زفبػ ا اال ػبع ؽ ١ ش رذخ ا غز ؼبد غبد صمبفبد اخش ف االرظبي غ ثؼؼ ب اثشص ب ب ٠ The following are the most prominent ones: (intra-social) 1. Business interpreting where communities speaking different languages get in contact with each other for the purpose of trading and exchanging goods, or doing business. ا زشع خ ا ب ١ خ: ر اط ا غز ؼبد ا خز فخ ف ا غخ ا ط لخ غشع ا زغبسح رجبدي ا جؼبئغ 2. Liaison Interpreting is a form of interpreting practiced mainly in commercial negotiations ا زشع خ االرظب ١ خ : ؽش ٠ مخ بسعخ ا زشع خ ثشى اعبع ف ا فب ػبد ا زغبس ٠ خ 3. Diplomatic Interpreting where the representatives of different linguistic and cultural communities came together with the aim of establishing and cultivating political relation. ا زشع خ ا ذث بع ١ خ : ا زمبء ض غز ؼ ١ ى صمبفخ غ ٠ خ خز فخ غشع رأع ١ ظ ػاللخ ع ١ بعخ 4. Military interpreting is when relations turn sour between two conflicting armed communities, as when it happens in talks with allies forces in during World War II, truce negotiations or the interrogation of prisoners. ا زشع خ ا ؼغىش ٠ خ : ؽ ١ ب رغ ء ا ؼاللبد ث ١ غز ؼبد غ ؾخ ض ب ؽظ خالي ا ؾشة ا ؼب ١ خ ا ضب ١ خ ػ ذ ب عشد ؾبدصبد ث ١ ا م ا زؾب فخ فب ػبد ا ذ خ ا اعزغ اة ا غغ بء 5. Court Interpreting : includes task like the certified translation of documents as well as interpreting in quasi-judicial and administrative hearings. One can therefore distinguish between the broader notion of legal interpreting, or judicial interpreting, and courtroom interpreting in its specific, prototypical setting. ا زشع خ ف ا ؾى خ : رزؼ رشع خ ؼز ذح صبئك ض ب ا زشع خ ف ا زؾم ١ مبد ا مؼبئ ١ خ ع غبد االعز بع زا ٠ ى شء ا ٠ فشق ثشى اعغ ث ١ ف ا زشع خ ا مب ١ خ ا ا مؼبئ ١ خ ا زشع خ ف لبػخ ا ؾى خ داخ ا ٤ ػبع ا جش ر و ١ خ ا خبطخ 6. Sign language interpreting where it normally takes place in educational settings (educational interpreting) رشع خ غخ االشبسح : رى ف اال ػبع ا زؼ ١ ١ خ 7. Community interpreting or public Service interpreting (in the UK) and Cultural interpreting (in Canada) is where interpreting services are established to help immigrants function in the host society as it is an important intra-social communication need. This has led to the emergence of interpreting practice, with Health Care interpreting (medical interpreting, hospital interpreting) and legal interpreting as the most significant institutional domains. ا زشع خ االعز بػ ١ خ أ ا خذ خ ا ؼب خ : ا زشع خ ب غبػذح ا بعش ٠ ف ا غز غ ا ؼ ١ ف خ عذا ؾبعخ ا ز اط ف ا غز غ ا ذاخ زا اد ا ظ س بسعخ ا زشع خ ف ا شػب ٠ خ ا ظؾ ١ خ ا مب وأ غبالد ا ؤعغبد 8. Media interpreting or Broadcasting interpreting: which is mainly focused on TV interpreting. This is obvious with sign Language interpreting or even in case of war crime tribunal. رشع خ االػال أ االراػخ : رشوض ثشى اعبع ػ رشع خ ا ز فض ٠ زا ٠ ظ ش ف غخ االشبسح ا ف ؽب خ ؾبو بد عشائ ا ؾشة Comments - As indicated above, the activity of interpreting has evolved throughout history in a variety of setting, from first-time encounters between different tribes to institutionalised inter-social dealings as well as in intra-social (community) relations. شبؽ ا زشع خ رط س ربس ٠ خ ١ ب ػجش غ ػخ خز فخ ا ؾبالد ز ا ي اع خ ث ١ ا مجبئ ا خز فخ ؽز ؤعغبد ا غز غ ا ذاخ 5

7 from a historical perspective, interpreting is carried out a. In a social context of interaction b. In a cultural context of interaction c. In a linguistic context of interaction d. In a semantic context of interaction Liaison Interpreting is a form interpreting a. Practiced generally in military negotiation b. Practiced mainly in diplomatic negotiation c. Practiced mainly in commercial negotiation d. Practiced when doing business Court Interpreting : includes task like the certified translation of documents اسئلت االختببراث السببقت للمحبضزة الثبلثت 1-liaison interpreting is mainly practiced in 2-liaison interpreting tend to practice their profession in 3- the common place for liaison interpreting to practice their profession a. Courts b. Commercial negotiations c. Police stations d. Hospitals Military interpreting takes place when relations a. turn sword between two conflicting armed communities b. turn soft between two conflicting armed communities c.turn sour between two conflicting armed communities d. turn social between two conflicting armed communities 1-Interpreting in Court is distinguished from legal interpreting in 2- Court Interpreting is different from legal interpreting because of 3-what makes Court Interpreting different from legal interpreting is a. Its specific domain b. Its specific mode c. Its specific discourse d. Its specific setting sign language interpreting normally takes place in a. Conversational setting b. Environmental setting c. Diplomatic setting d. Educational setting 1-Sign language as a means for interpreting is generally used in 2- The use of sign language as a means for interpreting, generally*** a. business organizations c. army barracks d. conference halls d. educational institutions Media interpreting is mainly focused on a. On TV interpreting b. On Facebook interpreting c. On Tweeter interpreting d. On Theater interpreting Sign language interpreting normally takes place in a. Military barracks b. Educational institutions c. Commercial organizations d. Conference interpreting community interpreting is where interpreting service established to a. Make immigrants speak the host language b. Help immigrants do business in the host society c. Help immigrants act as natives in the host society d. Help immigrants function in the host society 6

8 Constellations of Interaction In addition to the categorization of interpreting types by social context and institutional setting, the following distinction can be derived from the situational constellations of interactions: رظ ف ؽغت غ ػخ ظشف ١ خ ا زفبػالد 1. Bilateral interpreting or dialogue interpreting is where interpreting is modelled as three-party interaction with a (bilingual ) interpreter assuming the pivotal mediating role between two (monolingual) client. While the former foregrounds the (bi) directionality of mediation, the latter highlights the mode of communicative exchange. Either term seems to be closely associated with what is called Liaison Interpreting. ا زشع خ ا شف ٠ خ ا ض بئ ١ خ ا ا زشع خ ا شف ٠ خ ؾ اس : رط ٠ زى صالصخ زفبػ ١ زشع ص بئ ا غخ ا ز ٠ أخز د س ا ع ١ ؾ ث ١ اص ١ اؽبد ا غخ ار ػ ذ ب ع ١ ؾ ٠ ش ١ ش إ )bi( ا ٠ ؼب زفبػ ١ ٠ زجبدال ا ز اط زا ا ظط ؼ ص ١ ك ا ظ خ ثب زشع خ االرظب ١ خ ا ز ر روش ف ؾبػشح 3 2. Multilateral Communication Interpreting is as in conferences attended by delegates and representatives of various nations and institutions, mainly called Conference Interpreting. ا زشع خ ا شف ٠ خ ا ز اط ١ خ زؼذدح االؽشاف : ؤر شاد ؽؼش ب ا ذ ث ١ ا ض ١ خز ف اال ا ؤعغبد رغ ف ا غب ت رشع خ ا ؤر شاد ا شف ٠ خ 3. Conference Interpreting (for national or international organisation) is the most prominent manifestation in our time. It emerged during World War I when negotiations were held in French. رشع خ ا ؤر شاد ا شف ٠ خ: ظ خ ؽ ١ خ أ د ١ خ ا ظ ش االوضش ثش صا ف ػظش ب ظ شد ف ا ؾشة ا ؼب ١ خ اال ػ ذ ب ػمذد ا فب ػبد ف فش غب But later on during the War some American and British negotiators did not speak French, which made official French-English bilingualism in the League of Nations usher in de facto multilingualism in international conferences. ى الؽمب خالي ا ؾشة ثؼغ ا فب ػ ١ ا ٤ ش ٠ ىب ا جش ٠ طب ١ ٠ زى ا ا فش غ ١ خ ب عؼ ا غخ ا ض بئ ١ خ ا فش غ ١ خ اال غ ١ ض ٠ خ سع ١ خ ف ػظجخ اال ا زؾذح رغز رؼذد ا غخ ف ا ؤر شاد ا ذ ١ خ Since the First World War, interpreting has generally been attached to conference meetings and has internationally been known as conference interpreting. ز ا ؾشة ا ؼب ١ خ اال اسرجطذ ا زشع خ ثب ؤر شاد رؼشف ثزشع خ ا ؤر شاد ا شف ٠ خ What is distinctive about conference interpreting is that it takes place within a particular format of interaction ( conference ). It is often set in an international environment, though there is usually a significant local market for conference interpreting services mainly between English and the national language. ب ١ ٠ ض رشع خ ا ؤر شاد ا ب رغش ػ شى خبص ا زفبػ ف ا ؤر ش وض ١ ش االؽ ١ ب رؼشع ف ث ١ ئخ د ١ خ ػ ا شغ ا بن ع ق ؾ ز ثخذ بد رشع خ ا ؤر شاد ثشى اعبع ث ١ ا غخ ا ؾ ١ خ اال غ ١ ض ٠ خ The Definition of a conference interpreter - As far as the definition of a conference interpreter is concerned, it is worth mentioning that the seminar on Interpreters and Interpreting held by the European Forum at Alp Bach, Austria, in 1969 agreed on the following definition: a conference interpreter is one whose office it is to translate orally the speech of participants in meetings conducted in two or more languages. His office may be performed simultaneously or consecutively, in the participants presence. Walter Keiser (Gerver 1977 Lecture 4 رؼش ٠ ف رشع خ ا ؤر شاد ا شف ٠ خ : رشع خ خطبة ا شبسو ١ ف اعز بع ٠ زؼ غز ١ ا اوضش ا خ لذ ر فز ف لذ اؽذ ا ػ ا ززبثغ ثؾؼ س ا شبسو ١ - We can conceive of interpreting as a conceptual spectrum extending from international (conference ) to intra-social (Community Interpreting). While It is good to juxtapose conference and community interpreting, it is important understand the difference between focusing either on the level of socio-cultural communities and their members/representatives or on the format of interaction (e.g. a multilateral conference or face-toface dialogue) ٠ ى ب رظ س ا زشع خ ا شف ٠ خ وغ غ خ فب ١ ر زذ ا ؤر ش ا ذ ي ؽز ا غز غ ا ذاخ زشع خ ا غز غ أ ش ع ١ ذ أ ؼغ رشع خ ا ؤر ش ثغب ت رشع خ ا غز غ ى ا ا زفش ٠ ك ث ١ ا زشو ١ ض ػ غز ا غز غ االػؼبء ا ضمبف ١ خ االعز بػ ١ خ ا ػ شى اشىبي ا زفبػ ض ؤر ش زؼذد االؽشاف ا ؽ اس ع ع 7

9 1-Bilateral interpreting is modeled 2- Interpreting Bilaterally is modeled a.as three-party interction b. As one-party interaction c. As two-party interaction d. As four-party interaction Consecutive interpreting is usually a. tri-directional b. bi-directional c. quadrant directional d. between more than five people Dialogue interpreting seems to be closely associated what is called a. Healthcare Interpreting b. Diplomatic Interpreting c. Liaison Interpreting d. Community Interpreting Multilateral Communication Interpreting is mainly called a. Whispered Interpreting b. Site Interpreting c. Police Station Interpreting d. Conference Interpreting 1-Conference interpreting emerged 2-Conference interpreting as a profession appeared 3-The emerged of conference interpreting as a profession appeared a. During World War II b. During World War I c. Between World War I and World War II d. After World War II Conference interpreting is distinctive because it takes place a. Within a particular format of interjection b. Within a particular format of reaction c. Within a particular format of interaction d. Within a particular format of conjunction What is distinctive about conference interpreting is that it is often a. Conducted in friendly environment b. Set in an international environment c. Taken in business environment d. Set in a format of a theatre environment A conference interpreting is whose office is to a. Translate verbally the ideas of participants in meeting held in the unatid State of Amaireca b. Translate quickly the speech of participants in a meeting conducted in two languages only c. Translate orally the speech of participants in meeting conducted on two or more languages d. Translate consecutively the speech of participants in meeting and conference اسئلت االختببراث السببقت للمحبضزة الزابعت Interpreting consecutively is usually a. Tri-directional between three people b. Quadrant directional between four peopl c. Between more than five people d. Bi-directional between two people Bilateral interpreting is called Liaison Interpreting. Interpreting Constellations of interaction are bilateral, and conference interpreting a. Business interpreting b. Multilateral interpreting c. Liaison interpreting d. Community interpreting 1-Multilateral interpreting is generally known as 2- As one of the main types of interpreting, Multilateral interpreting is *** a. Conference interpreting b. Liaison interpreting c. Community interpreting d. Group interpreting Conference interpreting a.emerged during World War I when negotiations were held in French. b. emerged during World War II when negotiations were held in French. c. emerged between World War I & World War II when negotiations were held in French. d. emerged after World War II when negotiations were held in French 1-Conference interpreting is mainly characterized by its particular*** 2-What *** conference interpreting distinctive is that it takes place within a particular a. format of interjection b. format of interaction c. format of reaction d. format of conjunction As far as localized interpreting is concerned a. Bilingual meetings tend to involve English and the local dialects. b. Bilingual meetings tend to involve English and the local language. c. Bilingual meetings tend to involve English and the local culture. d. Bilingual meetings tend to involve English and the local accents 8

10 Lecture 5 Interpreting Typological Parameters Apart from the broad classification of interpreting types by settings and constellation, there are additional and rather clear-cut criteria for more systematic inventory of types and subtypes of interpreting, among them is the following: ؼب ١٠ ش غشد أوضش غ ١ خ ٤ اع ا زشع خ ب ب ٠ 1-Language Modality: Interpreting is used as a generic term to indicate to the use of spoken language in particular, but due to the emergence of the sign language Interpreting, it is now used as spoken-language interpreting to be distinguished from signed Language interpreting or interpreting for the deaf. ا زشع خ رغزخذ و ظط ؼ ػب الشبسح ا اعزخذا ا غخ ا ط لخ ػ ع ا خظ ص ى ظشا ظ س رشع خ غخ االشبسح ف اال عزغزخذ زشع خ ا غخ ا ط لخ زفش ٠ ك ث ١ ب ث ١ رشع خ غخ االشبسح أ ا زشع خ ظ Signing could refer as well to (voice-to-sign interpreting or sign-to-sign interpreting) as opposed voicing or voice-over interpreting (sign-to-voice interpreting). االشبسح ٠ ى أ رش ١ ش إ )رشع خ ا ظ د ا االشبسح أ رشع خ االشبسح إ االشبسح ) ػ ا ؼىظ ا ظ د ا ا ظ د ػجش ا زشع خ ٠ ى ( رشع خ االشبسح ا ا ظ د ) A special modality is used in communication with the deaf-blind, who monitor a signed message, including finger spelling, by resting their hands on the signer s hands (tactile interpreting) ؽش ٠ مخ خبطخ رغزخذ ف ا ز اط غ )ا ظ ا ىف ف ١ ) رزؼ االشبسح ثبالطجغ ث اعطخ ػغ ا ٠ ذ ٠ ػ ػ االشبسح ا خبص ثب ىف ف ١ زشع خ ثب ظ 2-Working Mode It was only in the 1920, when transmission equipment was developed to enable interpreters to work simultaneously, that it became meaningful to distinguish between consecutive interpreting ( after the source-language utterance) and simultaneous interpreting(as the source-language text is being presented). ؽش ٠ مخ ا ؼ : ػ ذ ب رط سد ؼذاد االسعبي ز ى ١ ا زشع ١ ؼ ف لذ اؽذ فمذ اطجؼ بن ؼ ز ١١ ض ث ١ ا زشع خ ا ززبثؼ ١ خ ا زشع خ ا ف س ٠ خ It must be interesting to note that simultaneous interpreting was initially implemented as simultaneous consecutive that is, the simultaneous transmission of two or more consecutive renditions in different output languages. غ ٠ غت ا ٠ الؽع ا ا زشع خ ا ف س ٠ خ فزد ف ا جذا ٠ خ ف لذ اؽذ ػ ا ز ا ا م ا زضا ززبثؼ ١ غز ١ ا اوضش ث غبد اال زبط ا خز فخ Since consecutive interpreting does not presuppose a particular duration of the original act of discourse, it can be conceived of as a continuum which ranges from the rendition of utterances as short as one word to the handling of entire speeches, or more or less lengthy portions thereof, in one go. ا زشع خ ا ززبثؼ ١ خ ال رفزشع غجمب ع د ذح ص ١ خ فؼ ا خطبة االط زا ٠ ى ا ٠ زظ س ػ ا ب ع غ خ زظ خ ر زذ رغ ١ ا فع لظ ١ شا ومظش و خ اؽذح ا ا خطبة ا ىب ا اوضش ا ال ؽ ال دفؼخ اؽذح Subject to the individual interpreter s working style- and memory skills- and a number of situational variable (such as the presentation of slide), the consecutive interpretation of longer speeches usually involves note-taking as developed by the pioneers of conference interpreting in the early 20th century. Hence, consecutive interpreting with the use of systematic note taking is sometimes referred to as classic consecutive in contrast to short consecutive without notes, which usually implies a bidirectional mode in a liaison constellation. اع ة ػ ا زشع ا فشد بسح ا زاوشح ػذد ا زغ ١ شاد ا ظشف ١ خ ا زشع خ ا ززبثؼ ١ خ خطبة ؽ ٠ ػبدح ٠ زؼ رذ ٠ الؽظبد ػؼ ب س اد زشع خ ا ؤر ش ف ثذا ٠ بد ا مش ا ؼشش ٠ ثب زب ا زشع خ ا ززبثؼ ١ خ ثبعزخذا غ ١ خ رذ ٠ ا الؽظبد ٠ شبس ا ١ اؽ ١ ب ب ثبع ا ززبثغ ا ىالع ١ ى ػ ػىظ ا ززبثغ ا مظ ١ ش ٠ ى غ ١ ش الؽظبد ا ز ٠ ط ػ ؽش ٠ مخ ص بئ ١ خ االرغب ف غ ػخ االرظبي Only where the interpreter works right next to one or more than a couple listeners can he or she provide a rendition by whispered interpreting or whispering. 9

11 Simultaneous interpreting with full technical equipment is so widely established today that the term simultaneous interpreting SI is often used as a shorthand for spoken language interpreting with the use of simultaneous interpreting equipment in a sound proof booth. فمؾ ؽ ١ ش ٠ ؼ ا زشع ثغب ت اؽذ ا اوضش ا غز ؼ ١ ى ا ٠ فش االعزال خالي ا زشع خ ا غ ١ خ ا زشع خ ا ف س ٠ خ غ وب ا ؼذاد ا زم ١ خ ػ طبق اعغ ػغ ا ١ زا ا ظط ؼ زشع خ ا ف س ٠ خ ؽ ١ ش ٠ غزخذ ث ضبثخ اخزظبس زشع خ ا غخ ا ط لخ غ اعزخذا ؼذاد ا زشع خ ا ف س ٠ خ ف ؽغشح ػبص خ ظ د 3-Directionality In the prototype case of mediated face-to-face dialogue, the interpreter will work in both directions, that is, back and forth between the two languages involved depending on the turn-taking of the primary parties. Bilateral interpreting is thus typically linked with the notions of liaison interpreting and dialogue interpreting but it may equally occur in conference type interaction, where interpreters may work in a bilingual booth or said to provide small router (i.e. interpret questions and comments back into the language chiefly used on the floor). االرغب ١ خ :ف ؽب خ ا رط ٠ ز ا ؾ اس ع ب ع ب ٠ ؼ ا زشع ف وال االرغب ١ ر بثب ػ دح ث ١ ا غز ١ ث بء ػ رجبدي االؽشاف الد اس ا زشع خ ا ض بئ ١ خ شرجطخ ػبدح ث ف ا زشع خ االرظب ١ خ ا ؾ اس ٠ خ ى ب لذ رؾذس وز ه ف ؾ ا ؤر ش ؽ ١ ش رى ا زشع خ ص بئ ١ خ ا غ ع بص ا ز ع ١ ا ظغ ١ ش 4-Use of technology Technical equipment is essentially used to avoid the mixing of source-and target-language messages in the acoustic channel. In conference halls or noisy conditions, the electro-acoustic and audiovisual transmission systems are therefore employed in particular to reach far beyond a given location. In what is generally called remote interpreting, the interpreter is not in the same room as the speaker or listener or both, telephone interpreting is an example or (over the phone interpreting) which is used in intra-social setting (healthcare, police, etc.) There is also videophone interpreting for the deaf) اعزخذا ا زم ١ خ : ٠ ز اعزخذا ا ؼذاد ا زم ١ خ ثشى اعبع زغ ت اخزالؽ سعبئ ا غز ١ ا ظذس ا ذف ف ا م بح ا غ ؼ ١ خ رؼ ا ظ خ ا م ا ى شثبئ ١ خ ا غ ؼ ١ خ ا غ ؼ ١ خ ا جظش ٠ خ ف لبػخ ا ؤر شاد ا ظش ف ا ف ػ ػ طبق ا عغ زغط ١ خ ا ىب ف ١ ب ٠ غ ا زشع خ ػ ثؼذ ا زشع خ ال رى ف فظ غشفخ ا زؾذس ا ا غب غ ا وال ب, ضبي برف ا زشع خ أ ػجش ا برف ا ز ٠ غزخذ ف ا غز غ ا ذاخ ا شػب ٠ خ ا ظؾ ١ خ, ا ششؽخ بن ا ٠ ؼب رشع خ ف ١ ذ ٠ ثب برف ظ 5-Professional status Distinction between interpreting types could be related to the level of skills and expertise which the human agent performs the task. This profession requires a professionality as it is very demanding. That is why it is called professional interpreters with special skills and lay interpreting or natural interpreting. interpreting main typological parameters are a.consecutive, simultaneous, and whispered interpreting b. Language modality, working mode and directionality c. Remote interpreting diplomatic interpreting and community interpreting The main typological parameters of interpretation are language modality,..and directionality. a. Working mood b. Working mode c. Working model d. Working mould ا ؾب خ ا ١ خ: ا ز ١١ ض ث ١ ا بؽ ا زشع خ راد ط خ ث غز ا بساد ا خجشاد خ ا ز ٠ ؤد ٠ ب ا و ١ اال غب ز ا خ رزط ت وفبئخ ف طؼجخ عذا زا ا غجت ٠ غ ا زشع ١ ا ؾزشف ١ ر ا بساد ا خبطخ ا زشع خ ا طج ١ ؼ ١ خ اسئلت االختببراث السببقت للمحبضزة الخبمست The main interpretating typological parameters are a. Working mood,interaction and modality b. Working model, directionality and language mood c. Working mode, language modality and directionality d. Working mould language duality and interaction interpreting is used as a. An expression to indicate to the use of written and spoken language b. A generic term to indicate to the use of written language only c. An idiomatic term to indicate to the use of consecutive language in particular d. A generic term to indicate to the use of spoken language in particular 10

12 Language modality in interpreting refers to the use of a. Consecutive interpreting b. Simultaneous interpreting c. Spoken language d. Whispered interpreting In interpreting, language modality refers to a.the use of consecutive interpreting. b. the use of simultancous interpreting. c. the use of spoken language d. the use of whispered interpreting. 1-Tactile interpreting is used in communication with 2- In communication with.tactile interpreting is normally used. a. The deaf only b. The blind only c. The deaf -blind d.neither the deaf nor the blind It was only in the 1920, when transmission equipment was developed to enable interpreters to work simultaneously 1-Interpreting simultaneously takes place 2- simultaneous interpreting means the interpreting that takes place 3-When you interpret simultaneously, your interpreting tends to takes place a. As the SL text is being presented b. After the SL text is presented c. Before the SL text is presented d. Only where the interpreter works right next to listeners. simultaneous interpreting was initially implemented as simultaneous consecutive that is the simultaneous transmission of two or more consecutive renditions in different output languages. the consecutive interpretation of longer speeches usually involves note-taking SI is often used as a shorthand for spoken language interpreting Technical equipment is essentially used to a. provide the mixing of source-and Target- language messages in the acoustic channel b. avoid the mixing of source-and Target- language messages in the acoustic channel c. enable the mixing of source-and Target- language messages in the acoustic channel d. protect the mixing of source-and Target- language messages in the acoustic channel language modality in interpreting refers to the use of a. consecutive interpreting. b. simultancous interpreting. c. spoken language d. whispered interpreting. The emergence of the sign language Interpreting, it is now used as spoken-language interpreting finger spelling, by resting their hands on the signer s hands (tactile interpreting) Working Mode, it was only in the 1920, when transmission equipment consecutive interpreting after the source-language utterance simultaneous interpreting take place a. As both the source and target language text are being presented b. As the source language text is being presented c. As the target language text is being presented d. As the interpretation proses is being presented Consecutive interpreting can be conceived of as a continuum which range from a. The translation of utterance as short as one sentence sentences b. The interpretation of utterance as short as one two sentences to the handling on on paragraph c. The rendition of utterance as short as one word to the handling if entire speech d. The convenyece of utterance as short as one idea to the handling of ten ideas Simultaneous interpreting with full technical equipment is a. very well used in certain context only b. rarely used nowadays specially in educational settings c. so widely established today d. so narrowly established today Bilateral interpreting is thus typically linked with the notions of liaison interpreting and dialogue interpreting 11

13 Lecture 6 What is consecutive interpreting? Interpreting after the speaker has finished. ب ا زشع خ ا ززبثؼ ١ خ : ا زشع خ ثؼذ أ ٠ ز ا زى ؽذ ٠ ض - The interpreter sits with the delegates, listens to the speech and renders it, at the end, in a different language, generally with the aid of notes. ٠ غ ظ ا زشع غ ا ذ ث ١ ٠ غز غ ا ؽذ ٠ ض ص ف ا ب ٠ خ ٠ م ب ف غخ خز فخ غ ثؼغ ا الؽظبد - In the modern world consecutive interpreting has been largely replaced by simultaneous, but it remains relevant for certain kinds of meetings. (e.g. highly technical meetings, working lunches, small groups, field trips). ا زشع خ ا ززبثؼ ١ خ ف ا ؼظش ا ؾذ ٠ ش اعزجذ ذ ثب زشع خ ا ف س ٠ خ ثشى اعغ ى ب الرضاي راد ط خ ثب اع ؼ ١ خ االعز بػبد ض اعز بػبد ػب ١ خ ا زم ١ خ, عجبد غذاء ف ا ؼ, غ ػبد طغ ١ شح, ا شؽالد ا ١ ذا ١ خ - Well-trained interpreters can render speeches of 10 minutes or more with great accuracy. ا زشع ١ ا زذسث ١ ع ١ ذا ٠ ى رمذ ٠ ا خطبة ف 10 دلبئك اوضش ثذلخ ػب ١ خ عذا - In consecutive interpretation, the interpreter waits for the speaker to finish a sentence or an idea, and then renders the speaker's words into the target language. Generally speaking, the more formal the setting, the longer the segments should be. Interpreters should be trained in special note-taking and memory techniques that enable them to render passages as long as 6-8 minutes faithfully and accurately. ف ا زشع خ ا ززبثؼ ١ خ ٠ زظش ا زشع ا زى ١ ز ا غ خ ا ا فىشح ثؼذ ب ٠ مذ خطبة ا زؾذس ف ا غخ ا ذف ثظفخ ػب خ و ب وب ؽبثغ ا ؾذ ٠ ش اوضش سع ١ خ وب اؽ ي مبؽغ ٠ جغ رذس ٠ ت ا زشع ١ ػ رذ ٠ ا الؽظبد رم ١ بد ا زاوشح ا ز ر ى رمذ ٠ ا خطبة ف ؽ ي عذ ا ص ب دلبئك ثأ ب خ دلخ - Consecutive interpretation is best suited for situations involving a small number of people, or where a personal touch is required. Examples would be business meetings, press conferences, interviews, teleconferences, or any type of one-on-one exchange. ا زشع خ ا ززبثؼ ١ خ اال غت ف ؽب خ ػذد ل ١ ا بط ؽ ١ ش ا غخ ا شخظ ١ خ ط ثخ ض اعز بػبد ا ٤ ػ بي ا ؤر شاد ا ظؾف ١ خ, ا مبثالد, ا ؤر شاد ػ ثؼذ, أ أ ع رجبدي اؽذ غ اؽذ - While no hard and fast line can be drawn between short consecutive (as used in dialogue interpreting) and the classic form of consecutive implying the rendition of at least five to ten minutes of uninterrupted discourse, consecutive interpreting skills are usually taken to be synonymous with the latter and thus closely linked to note-taking skills. ث ١ ب ال ٠ عذ فبط لبؽغ ٠ ى سع ث ١ ا ززبثغ ا مظ ١ ش و ب ا زشع خ ا ؾ اس ٠ خ ا رط ا ىالع ١ ى ا ززبثؼ ١ خ ب ٠ ؼ ا ا زشع خ رز ف خ ظ ا ػشش دلبئك خطبة غ ١ ش مطغ بساد ا زشع خ ا ززبثؼ ١ خ رؤخز ػبدح زى شادفخ شرجطخ اللشة ف بساد رذ ٠ ا الؽظبد Learning consecutive interpreting - Although teaching consecutive interpreting is mainly concerned with note-taking, there are certain approaches which usually stress on preliminary exercises to enhance active listening, message analysis, and recall, including such technique as clozing, chunking and visualization. رؼ ا زشع خ ا ززبثؼ ١ خ :ػ ا شغ ا رذس ٠ ظ ا ززبثؼ ١ خ ٠ ز ػ ع ا خظ ص ثبخز ا الؽظبد بن اعب ١ ت ؼ ١ خ ػبدح ب رشزذد ػ ر بس ٠ ا ١ خ زؼض ٠ ض االعز بع ا شؾ رؾ ١ ا شعب خ ا ززوش ث ب ف ر ه رم ١ خ ثبع ا ؾزف ا زمغ ١ ا زظ س - The interaction between memory and note-taking stands out as a focus of investigation. Interpreters use different systems when taking notes, mainly symbol-based system. ا زفبػالد ث ١ ا زاوشح رذ ٠ ا الؽظبد رجشص ثبػزجبس ب ؾ س ا زؾمك ا زشع ٠ غزخذ ظب ب خز فب ؽ ١ ب ٠ أخز ا الؽظبد ثشى اعبع ا ظب ا مبئ ػ ا ش ض 12

14 - Another area of emphasis has been public speaking skills for the production phase of consecutive interpreting. Didactic suggestion include sight translation exercises, and the use of videotapes for feedback on student performance. غبي اخش غبالد ا زشو ١ ض ف بساد ا خطبثخ ا ؼب خ ال زبط شؽ خ ا زشع خ ا ززبثؼ ١ خ الزشاػ رؼ ١ ٠ زؼ رذس ٠ جبد ا زشع خ ا جظش ٠ خ اعزخذا اششؽخ ا ف ١ ذ ٠ زغز ٠ خ ا شاعؼخ الداء ا طالة - Focusing on frequent faults of presentation, for example, one can realize that specific training in public speaking (including breathing, voice control, eye contact) could raise student s awareness of their delivery and enhance their presentation in consecutive interpreting. ا زشو ١ ض ػ اخطبء ا ؼشع ا زىشسح ضال ٠ ى ا شء ا ٠ ذسن ثب رذس ٠ جب ؼ ١ ب ف ا خطبثخ ا ؼب خ ث ب ف ر ه ا ز فظ, ا زؾى ا ظ ر, االرظبي ثب ؼ ١ ٠ ى ا ٠ ض ٠ ذ غز ػ ا طب ت ثب ٠ ظبي رؼض ٠ ض ا ؼشع ا ز ر رمذ ٠ ف ا زشع خ ا ززبثؼ ١ خ e.g. highly technical meetings, working lunches, small groups, field trips ),they remains relevant to a. consecutive interpreting b. Simultaneous interpreting c. whispered interpreting d. Directionality In consecutive interpretation, the interpreter waits for the speaker to finish a sentence or an idea consecutive interpretation is best suited for situation involving a. a great number of people as in international conferences b. a small number of people as in business meeting c. people in military negotiations in war zones d. interpreters in international conferences the classic form of consecutive implying the rendition of at least five to ten minutes consecutive interpreting is : a. Closely related to speaking skills b. Closely related to listening skills c. Closely related to note-talking skills d.closely related to public speaking skills Teaching consecutive interpreting in mainly a. Conserned with note-taking b. Conserned with idea interpreting c. Conserned with vocabulary and grammer d. Conserned with text translation Interpreters use different systems when taking notes, mainly symbol-based system. for interpreters to improve their consecutive interpreting skills, they need to practice a. Listening skills in general b. Writing skills in public school c. Reading skills in public libraries d. Public speaking skills اسئلت االختببراث السببقت للمحبضزة السبدست Well-trained interpreters can rander a. Speeches of 2 to 5 minutes with great accuracy b. Speeches of 3 to 5 minutes with great accuracy c. Speeches of 4 to 7 minutes with great accuracy d. Speeches of 10 minutes of more with great accuracy consecutive interpretation is best suited for situation involving a. A linguistic community of people or where a personal touch is required b. A small number of people or where a personal touch is required c. Deffrint people from diffrient countries specially from the Arab world d. A larg number of pwople or where a personal touch is required Note-taking skills are closely related to a. oral interpreting b. consecutive interpreting c. simultaneous interpreting d. whispered interpreting Consecutive interpreting is closely related to a. Speaking skills b. Listening skills c. Public speaking skills d. Note-taking skills 1-The interpreter tends to use symbol-based system 2- symbol-based system is normally used by the interpreter a. When talking b. When taking notes c. When listening d. When interpreting when taking notes the interpreters trend to use a.mainly symbol based system b. mainly *** based system c. mainly translation based system d. mainly interpreting based system 1-Your performance in consecutive interpreting can be improved by practice 2- To improved student performance in consecutive interpreting you *** a. Listening and speaking skills b. planning and organizing a research project c. dialogue delivery d. Public speaking 13

15 include sight translation exercises, and the use of videotapes for feedback on student performance Students' presentation in consecutive interpreting could be enhanced by a. Training in listening and speaking skills is highly recommended. b. Training in planning and organizing a research project is highly recommended. c. Training in dialogue delivery is highly recommended. d. Training in public speaking is highly recommended Focusing on frequent faults of presentation, for example one can realize that specific training in public speaking including breathing, voice control, eye contact) could raise student s awareness of feedback on student performance in consecutive interpreting depends on a. The use of electronic equipments b. The use of videotapes c. The use of headphones d. The use of stationary to enhance student presentation in consecutive interpreting a.training in listening and speaking skills is highly recommended b. training in planning and organizing research project is highly recommended c. training in dialogue delivery is highly recommended d.training in public speaking is highly recommended 14

16 Lecture 7 What is simultaneous interpreting? The term simultaneous interpreting ( as the source-language text is being presented) (SI) is often used as a shorthand for spoken language interpreting with use of simultaneous interpreting equipment in a sound-proof booth. ا زشع خ ا ف س ٠ خ : ظط ؼ ا زشع خ ا ف س ٠ خ ٠ مظذ ث رشع خ ا غخ ا ط لخ ثبعزخذا ؼذاد ا زشع خ ا ف س ٠ خ ف ؽغشح ػبص خ ظ د )ؽ ١ ش رى ف فظ ا لذ ا ز ٠ مذ ف ١ ا ض غخ ا ظذس( In simultaneous interpretation, the participants wear headphones, and the interpreter renders the speaker's words into the target language as he or she is speaking. Owing to the tremendous level of concentration required to perform this type of interpretation, simultaneous interpreters always work in teams of two. Usually, the interpreters work in a sound-proof booth that enables everyone involved to focus on their work without the distraction of hearing another language. ٠ شرذ ا شبسو ١ ع بػبد ساط فزز ا زشع خ غخ االخش اص بء ا ؾذ ٠ ش ٠ زط ت زا ا ع رشو ١ ضا بئال ز ه ٠ ز ث ١ فش ٠ م ١ ا زشع ١ ٠ ؼ ػبدح ف غشفخ ػبص خ ظ د ر ى ع ١ غ ا ؼ ١١ ا زشو ١ ض ػ ػ د رشز ١ ذ ا زجب ع بع غخ اخش Because this mode of interpreting saves time, it is preferred for conferences and meetings in which a great deal of information has to be conveyed. The use of audio equipment also means that there is no limit to the number of people who can participate. ال زا ا ؾ ا زشع خ ٠ فش ا لذ ف ا فؼ ف ا ؤر شاد االعز بػبد ا ز رزؼب غ لذس وج ١ ش ا ؼ بد ا ز ٠ غت م ب اعزخذا االع ضح ا غ ؼ ١ خ ٠ ؼ ا الؽذ ؼ ١ ؼذد ا شبسو ١ What is Whispered Simultaneous Interpreting? - In Whispered Simultaneous Interpreting, the interpreter is seated or standing among the delegates and interprets simultaneously directly into the ear of the delegates. ف ا زشع خ ا ف س ٠ خ ا غ ١ خ ٠ غ ظ ا زشع عؾ ا شبسو ١ ٠ زشع ف س ٠ ب جبششح ف ار ا شبسو ١ - Whispered interpretation can be used only for very few delegates sitting or standing close together. It is used mainly in bilateral meetings or in groups where only a few delegates do not share a common language. ٠ ى اعزخذا ب ػ ػذد ل ١ ا شبسو ١ ثغب ت ثؼؼ رغزخذ ثشى اعبع ف مبئبد ص بئ ١ خ ا غ ػبد راد ػذد ل ١ - Whispering is often used instead of consecutive in order to save time. Sometimes, the whispering interpreter will use a headphone in order to get the best possible sound from the original speaker. ا ظ اؽ ١ ب ب ٠ غزخذ ثذال ػ ا زشع خ ا ززبثؼ ١ خ ز ف ١ ش ا لذ اؽ ١ ب ب ٠ غزخذ ع بػبد ا شاط ظ د افؼ ا زؾذس االط Learning simultaneous interpreting - It is preliminary exercises that command prime attention in introducing students to the crucial task demand of simultaneity, perceived as the skill of listening and speaking at the same time, by way o f dual-task exercises. This involve a listening task in combination with a second, different task, such as simultaneously counting backwards or reading aloud. ا زذس ٠ جبد ف رؼش ٠ ف ا طالة ػ ا ب ا ؾبع خ ا ز رزط ت ا زضا ٠ ظش ا ١ ب ػ ا ب بسح اعز بع رؾذس ف فظ ا لذ ػ ؽش ٠ مخ ر بس ٠ "ص بئ ا خ" ر ه رزؼ بسح اعز بع ذ غخ غ خ اخش خز فخ ض ػذ ا ا ساء ا ا مشاءح ثظ د اؽذ - A specific exercise in simultaneous verbal processing is shadowing, which is the immediate repetition of auditory input in the same language with either minimal delay ( phoneme shadowing) or at greater lateness ( phrase shadowing ). ر ش ٠ ؼ ١ ف ؼب غخ فظ ١ خ زضا خ ا زظ ١ ا ز رىشاس ف س ذخالد ا غ ؼ ١ خ ث فظ ا غخ غ اد رأخ ١ ش )ط د ا زظ ١ ( أ أوجش رأخ ١ ش )ع خ ا زظ ١ ( 15

17 - Much less controversial than shadowing have been preliminary exercises with a focus on content processing, such as simultaneous paraphrasing, shadowing tasks combined with cloze exercise, or simultaneous interpreting of well-known fairy tales. ا ٤ ل ثىض ١ ش إصبسح غذي ا زظ ١ ا ز بس ٠ ا ١ ٤ خ غ ا زشو ١ ض ػ ؼب غخ ا ؾز ض إػبدح ا ظ ١ بغخ ف لذ اؽذ ب ا زظ ١ رغز غ غ ر بس ٠ ا ؾزف أ ا زشع خ ا ف س ٠ خ لظض ش سح - Beyond the first stage of training designed to familiarize students with the technique of SI, it is important to emphasise the need to focus on the process rather than the product, to teach strategies particularly for coping with lexical and structural difficulties, and to create a training environment that is as close to real-life condition as possible. رغب ص ا شؽ خ ا ٤ ا زذس ٠ ت ٠ ذف إ رؼش ٠ ف ا طالة غ رم ١ خ ا زشع خ ا ف س ٠ خ ا ػش سح ا زشو ١ ض ػ ػ ١ خ ا زشع خ ثذال اال زبط زؼ االعزشار ١ غ ١ بد ا خبطخ زؼب غ ا ظؼ ثبد ا ؼغ ١ خ ا ١ ى ١ خ إ شبء ث ١ ئخ رذس ٠ ت رى االلشة إ الغ ا ؾ ١ بح What is sight translation? - Sight translation is a special form of interpreting that can be used as a preliminary exercise, or even an aptitude test. There is no doubt that sight translation is an integral part of an interpreter s translational competence. ا زشع خ ا جظش ٠ خ ع خبص ا زشع خ ٠ ى اعزخذا وز ش ٠ ا ا اخزجبس لذساد عضء وفبءح ا زشع - Indeed, interpreting at sight in combination with SI, as in the case of a speaker reading a text that the interpreter has available in the booth, involves a high degree of complexity. ا زشع خ ا جظش ٠ خ ذ عخ غ ا زشع خ ا ف س ٠ خ فب زؾذس ٠ مشا ا ض ا زشع ٠ ى ف غشفخ ػبص خ ظ د راد دسعخ ػب ١ خ ا زؼم ١ ذ - The same hold true for spoken- language simultaneous interpreting practised in the whispering and the relay mode as well as in remote conferencing. فظ ا ىال ٠ طجك ػ ا زشع خ ا ف س ٠ خ غخ ا ط لخ ر بسط ف ظ ؽب خ رزبثغ و ب ف ا ؤر شاد ػ ثؼذ 16